1993 Pacs Summary of Scheme 00. GENERAL 01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy 02. Mathematical methods in physics 03. Classical and quantum physics: mechanics and fields 04. Relativity and gravitation 05. Statistical physics and thermodynamics 06. Measurement science, general laboratory techniques, and instrumentation systems 07. Specific instrumentation and techniques of general use in physics 10. THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS 11. General theory of fields and particles 12. Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics 13. Specific reactions and phenomenology 14. Properties of specific particles and resonances 20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 21. Nuclear structure 23. Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy 24. Nuclear reactions: general 25. Nuclear reactions: specific reactions 27. Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges 28. Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies 29. Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics 30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 31. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory 32. Atomic spectra and interactions with photons 33. Molecular spectra and interactions of molecules with photons 34. Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions 35. Experimentally derived information on atoms and molecules; instrumentation and techniques 36. Studies of special atoms and molecules 40. FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY (INCLUDING APPLICATIONS) 41. Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics 42. Optics 43. Acoustics 44. Heat transfer, thermal and thermodynamic processes 46. Classical mechanics 47. Fluid dynamics 50. FLUIDS, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES 51. Kinetic and transport theory of fluids; physical properties of gases 52. The physics of plasmas and electric discharges 60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography 62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter 63. Lattice dynamics 64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions 65. Thermal properties of condensed matter 66. Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic) 67. Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium 68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties) 70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 71. Electron states 72. Electronic transport in condensed matter 73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films 74. Superconductivity 75. Magnetic properties and materials 76. Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, Mossbauer effect 77. Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties 78. Optical properties and condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena 80. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 81. Material science 82. Physical chemistry 83. Rheology 84. Electromagnetic technology 85. Electrical and magnetic devices 87. Biophysics and medical physics 89. Other areas of research of general interest to physicists 90. GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS 91. Solid Earth physics 92. Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics 93. Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques 94. Aeronomy and magnetospheric physics 95. Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques and astronomical observations 96. Solar System 97. Stars 98. Stellar systems; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe 00. GENERAL 01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy 01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities 01.30.-y Physics literature and publications 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.) 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers 01.30.Pp Textbooks for undergraduates 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters 01.30.Tt Bibliographies 01.40.-d Education 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation 01.40.Ej Science in elementary and secondary school 01.40.Gm Curricula; teaching methods, strategies, and evaluation 01.40.Jp Teacher training 01.50.-i Educational aids 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films 01.50.Ht Instructional computer use 01.50.Kw Testing theory and techniques 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation 01.50.Te Buildings and facilities 01.55.+b General physics 01.60.+q Biographical, historical, and personal notes 01.65.+g History of science 01.70.+w Philosophy of science 01.75.+m Science and society 01.90.+g Other topics of general interest 02. Mathematical methods in physics 02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra 02.10.By Logic and foundations 02.10.Cz Set theory 02.10.Eb Combinatorics 02.10.Gd Order, lattices, and ordered algebraic structures 02.10.Jf General mathematical systems 02.10.Lh Number theory 02.10.Nj Algebraic number theory, field theory, and polynomials 02.10.Pk Commutative rings and algebras 02.10.Rn Algebraic geometry 02.10.Sp Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (finite and infinite) 02.10.Tq Associative rings and algebras 02.10.Vr Nonassociative rings and algebras 02.10.Ws Category theory and homological algebra 02.20.-a Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.F: for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30) 02.20.Df Finite groups 02.20.Fh Infinite groups 02.20.Hj Classical linear algebraic groups 02.20.Km Abelian groups 02.20.Mp Semigroups 02.20.Nq Topological groups, general 02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups 02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups .... Group-theoretical methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.F .... Symmetries in elementary-particle physics, see 11.30 02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups 02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups 02.30.-f Function theory, analysis 02.30.Bi Real functions 02.30.Cj Measure and integration 02.30.Dk Functions of a complex variable 02.30.Em Potential theory 02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces 02.30.Gp Special functions 02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations 02.30.Jr Partial differential equations 02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations 02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability 02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions 02.30.Nw Fourier analysis 02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis 02.30.Qy Integral transforms and operational calculus 02.30.Rz Integral equations 02.30.Sa Functional analysis 02.30.Tb Operator theory 02.30.Wd Calculus of variations and optimal control 02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also 04 Relativity and gravitation) 02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries 02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities 02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries (see also 04 Relativity and gravitation) 02.40.Ma Global differential geometry 02.40.Pc General topology 02.40.Re Algebraic topology 02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also 05 Statistical physics) 02.50.Cw Probability theory 02.50.Ey Stochastic processes 02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis 02.50.Ga Markov processes 02.50.Hb Queuing theory 02.50.Kd Foundations of statistics; sufficiency 02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory 02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies 02.50.Ph Parametric inference 02.50.Rj Nonparametric inference 02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis 02.50.Vn Linear inference 02.50.Wp Inference from stochastic processes 02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis 02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations 02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra 02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting 02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation 02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration 02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems 02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations 02.60.Pn Numerical optimization 02.70.-c Computational techniques (for data handling and computation, see 06.50) 02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods 02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods 02.70.Fj Finite-volume methods 02.70.Hm Spectral methods 02.70.Jn Collocation methods 02.70.Lq Monte Carlo and statistical methods 02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods 02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods 02.70.Rw Other computational methods 02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics 03. Classical and quantum physics: mechanics and fields 03.20.+i Classical mechanics of discrete systems: general mathematical aspects (for applied aspects of classical mechanics of discrete systems, see 46.10; for celestial mechanics, see 95.10.C) 03.30.+p Special relativity 03.40.-t Classical mechanics of continuous media: general mathematical aspects 03.40.Dz Mathematical theory of elasticity (see also 83.10 Continuum mechanics, 46.30 Structural mechanics of shells, plates, and beams, 62.20.D Elasticity of solids) 03.40.Gc Fluid dynamics: general mathematical aspects (see also 47 Fluid dynamics) 03.40.Kf Waves and wave propagation: general mathematical aspects (see also 62.30 Mechanical and elastic waves, 43.20 General linear acoustics, 83.50.T, V-in rheology) 03.50.-z Classical field theory 03.50.De Maxwell theory: general mathematical aspects (for applied classical electrodynamics, see 41) 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories 03.65.-w Quantum theory; quantum mechanics (see also 05.30 Quantum statistical mechanics) 03.65.Bz Foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories 03.65.Ca Formalism 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20 Group theory) 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states 03.65.Nk Nonrelativistic scattering theory 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications .... Relativistic wave equations, see 11.10.Q 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10 Field theory) 03.80.+r General theory of scattering (see also 11.20 S-matrix theory and 11.80 Relativistic scattering theory) 04. Relativity and gravitation .... Special relativity, see 03.30 04.20.-q General relativity (see also 02.40 Geometry and topology) 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles 04.20.Jb Solutions to equations 04.20.Me Conservation laws and equations of motion 04.30.+x Gravitational waves and radiation: theory 04.40.+c Continuous media; electromagnetic and other mixed gravitational systems 04.50.+h Unified field theories and other theories of gravitation (see also 12.10.G Unified theories and models including gravitation) 04.60.+n Quantum theory of gravitation 04.65.+e Supergravity .... Relativistic astrophysics, see 95.30.S .... Relativistic cosmology, see 98.80.H 04.80.+z Experimental tests of general relativity and searches for gravitational radiation 04.90.+e Other topics in relativity and gravitation 05. Statistical physics and thermodynamics (see also 02.50 Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics) 05.20.-y Statistical mechanics 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory 05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics 05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory 05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas 05.30.Jp Boson systems 05.40.+j Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion 05.45.+b Theory and models of chaotic systems 05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics; Ising problems (see also 64.60.C Order- disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems; 75.10.H Classical spin models) 05.60.+w Transport processes: theory 05.70.-a Thermodynamics (see also 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions, and 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60) 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general aspects 05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, irreversible processes (see also 82.20.M Nonequilibrium kinetics, and 82.40.B Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in homogeneous and nonequilibrium reactors) 05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics and thermodynamics 06. Measurement science, general laboratory techniques, and instrumentation systems 06.20.-f Metrology 06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory 06.20.Fn Units 06.20.Hq Measurement standards 06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants 06.30.-k Measurement of basic quantities 06.30.Bp Measurement of spatial dimensions 06.30.Dr Mass and density measurement 06.30.Ft Time and frequency measurement 06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation measurement 06.30.Lz Measurement of basic electromagnetic quantities 06.50.-x Data handling and computation 06.50.Dc Data gathering, processing, and recording; data displays (including digital techniques) 06.50.Mk Computing devices and techniques 06.60.-c Laboratory techniques 06.60.Ei Sample preparation 06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond) 06.60.Sx Micromanipulators, micropositioners, and microtomes 06.60.Vz Workshop techniques (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.) 06.60.Wa Safety (see also 28.41.T Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling, 28.52.N Safety, 87.50.N, P Radiation protection) 06.70.-h General instrumentation 06.70.Dn Sensing and detecting devices 06.70.Ep Testing equipment 06.70.Hs Display, recording, and indicating instruments 06.70.Mx Transducers 06.70.Td Servo and control devices 06.90.+v Other topics in measurement science, general laboratory techniques, and instrumentation systems 07. Specific instrumentation and techniques of general use in physics (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and techniques) 07.10.+i Mechanical instruments and measurement methods 07.20.-n Thermal instruments and techniques 07.20.Dt Thermometry 07.20.Fw Calorimetry 07.20.Hy Furnaces 07.20.Ka High-temperature techniques and instrumentation; pyrometry 07.20.Mc Cryogenics 07.25.+f Hygrometry 07.30.-t Vacuum production and techniques (see also 47.45 Rarefied gas dynamics) 07.30.Bx Evacuating power, degasification, residual gas 07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps 07.30.Dz Vacuum meters 07.30.Hd Vacuum apparatus and testing methods 07.30.Kf Auxiliary apparatus, hardware, and materials 07.35.+k High-pressure production and techniques 07.50.+f Electrical instruments and techniques 07.55.+x Magnetic instruments and techniques 07.58.+g Magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary instruments, and techniques 07.60.-j Optical instruments and techniques (for radiation detection, see 07.62 and 42.79.P; for spectroscopy and spectrometers, see 07.65; for optical lens and mirror systems, see 42.15.E and 42.79.B; for optical elements, devices, and systems, see 42.79; for photoelectric and optoelectric devices, see 85.60) 07.60.Dq Photometry, radiometry, and colorimetry 07.60.Fs Polarimetry and ellipsometry 07.60.Hv Refractometry and reflectometry 07.60.Ly Interferometers and interferometry 07.60.Pb Optical microscopy 07.62.+s Detection of radiation (bolometers, photoelectric cells, infrared and submillimeter wave detection)(see also 85.60.G Photodetectors and infrared detectors) 07.65.-b Optical spectroscopy and spectrometers 07.65.Eh Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectrometers 07.65.Gj Infrared spectroscopy and spectrometers 07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments and techniques 07.75.+h Mass spectrometers and mass spectrometry techniques 07.77.+p Particle beam production and handling; targets (see also 29.25 - in nuclear physics, 41.85 Beam optics) 07.80.+x Electron and ion microscopes and spectrometers; techniques (see also, 61.16.B, F - in condensed matter, 29.30 - in nuclear physics) .... Radiation detectors, see 29.40 07.85.+n X- and gamma-ray instruments and techniques 07.90.+c Other topics in specialized instrumentation 10. THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS (FOR COSMIC RAYS, SEE 96.40; FOR EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION, SEE 29) 11. General theory of fields and particles (see also 03.65 Quantum theory, quantum mechanics, 03.70 Theory of quantized fields, 03.80 General theory of scattering) 11.10.-z Field theory (for gauge field theories, see 11.15) 11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach 11.10.Gh Renormalization 11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties 11.10.Kk Field theories in higher dimensions (e.g., Kaluza-Klein theories) 11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models 11.10.Mn Schwinger source theory 11.10.Qr Relativistic wave equations 11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations 11.15.-q Gauge field theories 11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory 11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory (see also 12.38.G Lattice QCD calculations) 11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques 11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions 11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/N sub c expansions) 11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques 11.17.+y Theories of strings and other extended objects 11.20.-e S-matrix theory 11.20.Dj Scattering matrix and perturbation theory 11.20.Fm Dispersion relations and analytic properties of the S matrix 11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws (see also 02.20 Group theory) 11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincare invariance 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries 11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries 11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries 11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries) 11.30.Pb Supersymmetry 11.30.Qc Spontaneous symmetry breaking 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries 11.40.-q Currents and their properties 11.40.Dw General theory of currents 11.40.Fy Lagrangian approach to current algebras 11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents 11.50.-w Dispersion relations and sum rules 11.50.Ec N/D method 11.50.Ge Bootstraps 11.50.Jg Crossing symmetries 11.50.Li Sum rules 11.50.Nk Multivariable dispersion relations (including Mandelstam representation) 11.60.+c Complex angular momentum; Regge formalism (see also 03.80 General theory of scattering, 14.40.G Mesons and meson resonances with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV) 11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory (see also 03.80 General theory of scattering) 11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.) 11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis 11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.) 11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering 11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation 11.80.La Multiple scattering 11.90.+t Other topics in general field and particle theory 12. Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics 12.10.-g Unified field theories and models 12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions 12.10.Gq Unified theories and models including gravitation (see also 04.50 Unified field theories and other theories of gravitation) 12.15.-y Models of electroweak interactions 12.15.Cc Extensions of gauge or Higgs sector 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing 12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes 12.15.Mm Neutral currents 12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics 12.20.Ds Specific calculations and limits of quantum electrodynamics 12.20.Fv Experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics 12.25.+e Models for gravitational interactions (see also 04.60 Quantum theory of gravitation) 12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics 12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.) 12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations 12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations (see also 11.15.H Lattice gauge theory) 12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma 12.38.Qk Experimental tests 12.40.-y Models for strong interactions 12.40.Aa Bag models and other phenomenological quark models 12.40.Ee Statistical models 12.40.Gg Regge poles and cuts; peripheral, multiperipheral, and multi-Regge models 12.40.Lk Duality and dual models; bootstrap models 12.40.Pp Absorptive, optical, and eikonal models 12.40.Qq Potential models 12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance 12.50.-d Other composite models 12.50.Ch Models of quarks and leptons 12.50.Fk Models of gauge bosons 12.50.Lr Models for symmetry breaking 12.70.+q Hadron mass formulas 12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models 13. Specific reactions and phenomenology 13.10.+q Weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons (see also 13.35 Decays of leptons) 13.15.-f Neutrino interactions (for neutrino-lepton interactions, see 13.10) 13.15.Dk Charged-current reactions 13.15.Jr Neutral-current reactions 13.20.-v Leptonic and semileptonic decays of mesons 13.20.Cz Pi decays 13.20.Eb K decays 13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons 13.20.Gd Decays of J/psi, and gamma, and other quarkonia 13.20.Jf Other meson decays 13.25.+m Hadronic decays of mesons 13.30.-a Decays of baryons 13.30.Ce Leptonic and semileptonic decays 13.30.Eg Hadronic decays 13.35.+s Decays of leptons 13.38.+c Decays of intermediate bosons 13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties (see also 13.10 Weak and Electromagnetic interactions of leptons) 13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences 13.40.Fn Electromagnetic form factors; electric and magnetic moments 13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes 13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons (for neutrino interactions, see 13.15) 13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes) 13.60.Le Meson and meson-resonance production 13.60.Rj Baryon and baryon-resonance production 13.65.+i Hadron production by electron-positron collisions 13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering (energy <_ 10 GeV) (for higher energies, see 13.85) 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.) (for N-N interactions in nuclei, see 21.30) 13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions 13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions 13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions 13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions (energy > 10 GeV) (for low energies, see 13.75) 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering 13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states 13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states 13.85.Lg Total cross sections 13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons 13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles 13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles 13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions (see also 96.40 Cosmic rays) 13.87.-a Jets in large-Q sup 2 scattering 13.87.Ce Production 13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons 13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering 13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles 14. Properties of specific particles and resonances 14.20.-c Baryons and baryon resonances (including antiparticles) 14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons 14.20.Gk Baryon resonances with S=0 14.20.Jn Hyperons and hyperon resonances 14.20.Kp Charmed and other heavy baryons and baryon resonances 14.20.Pt Dibaryons 14.40.-n Mesons and meson resonances 14.40.Aq Pi, K, and eta mesons 14.40.Cs Meson resonances with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV 14.40.Ev Strange meson resonances 14.40.Gx Mesons and meson resonances with S=C=0, mass > 2.5 GeV 14.40.Jz Charmed and other heavy mesons and meson resonances 14.60.-z Leptons 14.60.Cd Electrons and positrons 14.60.Ef Muons 14.60.Gh Neutrinos and other neutral leptons 14.60.Jj Charged heavy leptons 14.80.-j Other and hypothetical particles 14.80.Am Photons 14.80.Dq Quarks 14.80.Er W bosons, gluons, and other gauge bosons 14.80.Gt Higgs bosons and related particles 14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles 14.80.Ly Supersymmetric particles 14.80.Pb Other (including tachyons) 20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 21. Nuclear structure 21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels (for properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges, see 27) 21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses 21.10.Ft Charge distribution 21.10.Gv Mass and neutron distributions 21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin 21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors 21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments 21.10.Ma Level density 21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions 21.10.Re Collective levels 21.10.Sf Coulomb energies 21.10.Tg Lifetimes 21.30.+y Nuclear forces (see also 13.75.C Nucleon-nucleon interactions) 21.45.+v Few-body systems 21.60.-n Nuclear-structure models and methods 21.60.Cs Shell model 21.60.Ev Collective models 21.60.Fw Models based on group theory 21.60.Gx Cluster models 21.60.Jz Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations 21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models 21.65.+f Nuclear matter .... Exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10 21.80.+a Hypernuclei 21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure 23. Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy (see also 82.55 Radiochemistry) 23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions 23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements 23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios 23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements 23.20.Lv Gamma transitions and level energies 23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects 23.20.Ra Internal pair production 23.40.-s Beta decay; electron and muon capture 23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton aspects 23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure 23.60.+e Alpha decay 23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay 23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy 24. Nuclear reactions: general 24.10.-i Nuclear-reaction models and methods 24.10.Cn Many-body theory 24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted wave models 24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models 24.10.Jv Relativistic models 24.30.-v Resonance reactions 24.30.Cz Giant resonances 24.30.Gd Other resonances 24.50.+g Direct reactions 24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations 24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions 24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions 24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena 24.60.Lz Chaos 24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions 24.75.+i General properties of fission 24.80.-x Fundamental interactions in nuclei 24.80.Ba Tests of electroweak models 24.80.Dc Symmetries in nuclear processes 24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes 24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general 25. Nuclear reactions: specific reactions 25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems 25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions 25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions 25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions 25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering 25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states 25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum 25.30.Hm Positron scattering 25.30.Mr Muon scattering 25.30.Pt Neutrino scattering 25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions (see also 28.20 Neutron physics) 25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering 25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering 25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering 25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering 25.40.Hs Transfer reactions 25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions 25.40.Lw Radiative capture 25.40.Ny Resonance reactions 25.40.Qa (p,pi) reactions 25.40.Sc Spallation reactions 25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies > 400 MeV) 25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions 25.45.-z Sup 2 H-induced reactions 25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering 25.45.Hi Transfer reactions 25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions 25.55.-e Sup 3 H-, sup 3 He-, and sup 4 He-induced reactions 25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering 25.55.Hp Transfer reactions 25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions 25.60.+v Reactions induced by unstable nuclei 25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions 25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering 25.70.De Coulomb excitation 25.70.Ef Resonances 25.70.Gh Compound nucleus 25.70.Hi Transfer reactions 25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions 25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions 25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions 25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation 25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations 25.75.+r Relativistic heavy-ion collisions 25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions 25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering 25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering 25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions 25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions 25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption 25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions 25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions 25.85.-w Fission reactions 25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission 25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission 25.85.Jg Photofission 25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions 27. Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges (an additional heading must be chosen with these entries, where the given mass number limits are, to some degree, arbitrary) 27.10.+h A <_ 5 27.20.+n 6 <_ A <_ 19 27.30.+t 20 <_ A <_ 38 27.40.+z 39 <_ A <_ 58 27.50.+e 59 <_ A <_ 89 27.60.+j 90 <_ A <_ 149 27.70.+q 150 <_ A <_ 189 27.80.+w 190 <_ A <_ 219 27.90.+b 220 <_ A 28. Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies 28.20.-v Neutron physics (see also 25.40 Nucleon-induced reactions) 28.20.Cz Neutron scattering 28.20.Fc Neutron absorption 28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation 28.41.-i Fission reactors 28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation 28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing 28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery 28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal 28.41.Mx Reactor control systems 28.41.Pa Moderators 28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials 28.41.Rc Instrumentation 28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling 28.50.-k Fission reactor types 28.50.Dr Research reactors 28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors 28.50.Hw Power and production reactors 28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors 28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators 28.50.Qd Other reactors 28.52.-s Fusion reactors (for fusion reactor types, see 52.55) 28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation 28.52.Cx Fueling, heating, and ignition 28.52.Fa Materials 28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation 28.52.Nh Safety 28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment 28.70.+y Nuclear explosions (see also 47.40 Compressional flows; shock and detonation phenomena, 87.50.N, P-in medical physics; 88.50.T-in rheology) 28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies 29. Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics 29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators 29.20.-c Cyclic accelerators and storage rings 29.20.Dh Storage rings 29.20.Fj Betatrons 29.20.Hm Cyclotrons 29.20.Lq Synchrotrons 29.20.Mr Other cyclic accelerators 29.25.-t Particle sources and targets 29.25.Bx Electron sources 29.25.Dz Neutron sources 29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized 29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative 29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets 29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei 29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators (for low energy charged-particle beams, see 41.75) 29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction 29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities 29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport 29.27.Fh Beam characteristics 29.27.Hj Polarized beams 29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques 29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic 29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy 29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy 29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy 29.30.Kv X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy 29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices .... Energy loss and energy range relations, see 61.80.M and 34.50.B 29.40.-n Radiation detectors (for mass spectrometers, see 07.75) 29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters 29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors 29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors 29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors 29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions 29.40.Vj Calorimeters 29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors 29.40.Ym Other detectors 29.50.+v Computer interfaces (for electronics, see 84.30.W.) 29.85.+c Computer data analysis 29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation 30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS (FOR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, SEE 82) 31. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory 31.10.+z General theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding 31.15.+q General mathematical and computational developments (see also 02.70 Computational techniques) 31.20.-d Specific calculations and results 31.20.Di Complete ab initio calculations (exact or nearly exact calculations on small species) 31.20.Ej Ab initio MO calculations 31.20.Gm Other accurate, or nearly ab initio calculations (MNDO method, SAMO method, etc.) 31.20.Lr Statistical model calculations (Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models) 31.20.Nt Semi-empirical NDO calculations (CNDO, INDO, MINDO, PCILO methods, etc.) 31.20.Pv Other semiempirical calculations (Huckel, generalized Huckel, PPP methods, etc.) 31.20.Rx Valence bond calculations (ab initio or not) 31.20.Sy Density functional methods (local density approximation, local spin density approximation), X sub alpha methods 31.20.Tz Electron correlation and CI calculations 31.20.Wb Empirical methods (nonquantum methods for conformations, as Wiberg method, Westheimer method, etc.) 31.30.-i Corrections to electronic structure 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects 31.30.Jv Radiative and relativistic effects 31.50.+w Excited states 31.70.-f Effects of molecular interactions on electronic structure (see also 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions) 31.70.Dk Environmental and solvent effects 31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates (see also 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions; for chemical kinetics aspects, see 82.20.R) 31.70.Ks Molecular solids 31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules (including properties other than the energy) 32. Atomic spectra and interactions with photons 32.30.-r Atomic spectra 32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra 32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra 32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra (for fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra, see 32.50) 32.30.Rj X-ray spectra 32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching) (for energy transfer, see also 34) 32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects 32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, transition moments 32.70.Fw Lifetimes, absolute and relative intensities 32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts 32.80.-t Photon interactions with atoms (see also 42.50 Quantum optics) 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping 32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering 32.80.Dz Autoionization 32.80.Fb Photoionization and photodetachment 32.80.Hd Auger effect and inner-shell ionization 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping 32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) 32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes 32.90.+a Other topics in atomic spectra and interactions of atoms with photons 33. Molecular spectra and interactions of molecules with photons 33.10.-n Calculation of molecular spectra 33.10.Cs Calculational methods (including new theoretical techniques and applications of group theory) 33.10.Ev Rotational analysis 33.10.Gx Vibrational analysis 33.10.Jz Vibration-rotational analysis 33.10.Lb Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions 33.20.-t Molecular spectra, grouped by wavelength ranges (for fluorescence and phosphorescence, see 33.50; for magnetooptic and electrooptic spectra, see 33.55; for photoelectron spectra, see 33.60) 33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra (for NMR spectra, see 33.25; for EPR spectra, see 33.35) 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra 33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering) 33.20.Kf Visible spectra 33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra 33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra 33.20.Rm X-ray spectra 33.25.-j Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and relaxation 33.25.Bn Relaxation phenomena 33.25.Dq Chemical shifts 33.25.Fs Nuclear spin interactions and quadrupole effects 33.25.Hv Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) 33.30.+a Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) 33.35.-q Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and relaxation 33.35.Cv Relaxation phenomena 33.35.Ex EPR spectra 33.35.Gz Chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) 33.40.-e Multiple resonances 33.40.Ci Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), and electron double resonance (ELDOR) 33.40.Hp Microwave optical double resonance spectroscopy (MODOR) and phosphorescence microwave double resonance spectroscopy (PMDR) 33.40.Ta Other multiple resonances 33.45.+x Mossbauer spectra 33.50.-j Fluorescence and phosphorescence, radiationless transitions (intersystem crossing, internal conversion) (for energy transfer, see also 34) 33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra 33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions 33.55.-b Optical activity and dichroism; magnetooptical and electrooptical spectra 33.55.Ad Optical activity, optical rotation; circular dichroism 33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects 33.55.Fi Other magnetooptical and electrooptical effects 33.60.-q Photoelectron spectra 33.60.Cv Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectra 33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra 33.70.-w Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands 33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors 33.70.Fd Lifetimes, absolute and relative line and band intensities 33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts 33.80.-b Photon interactions with molecules (see also 42.50 Quantum optics) 33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping 33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation 33.80.Ps Optical cooling of molecules; trapping 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes 33.90.+h Other topics in molecular spectra and molecular interactions with photons 34. Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions 34.10.+x General theories and models (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.) 34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions 34.20.Cf Interatomic potentials and forces 34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces 34.20.Mq Potential energy surfaces for collisions (see also 82.20.K Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions) .... Molecular solids, see 31.70.K 34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules (for experimentally derived correlation times in molecular dynamics, see 35.20.Y) 34.40.+n Elastic scattering of atoms and molecules 34.50.-s Inelastic scattering of atoms and molecules 34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power 34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer 34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization) 34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules; intermediate molecular states (including lifetimes, state mixing, etc.) (for theoretical aspects, see 31.50) 34.50.Lf Chemical reactions, energy disposal, and angular distribution, as studied by atomic and molecular beams (see also 34.20.M and 82.20.K for potential-energy surfaces, and 82.40.D Atomic and molecular beam reactions) 34.50.Pi State-to-state scattering analyses 34.50.Rk Laser-modified scattering and reactions 34.60.+z Scattering in highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) for Rydberg- atom masers, see 42.52) 34.70.+e Charge transfer (for charge transfer reactions, see 82.30.F) 34.80.-i Electron scattering 34.80.Bm Elastic scattering of electrons by atoms and molecules 34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization by electron impact 34.80.Gs Molecular excitation, ionization, and dissociation by electron impact 34.80.Kw Electron-ion scattering; excitation, ionization, and recombination 34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized electron beam experiments 34.80.Qb Laser-modified scattering 34.90.+q Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions 35. Experimentally derived information on atoms and molecules; instrumentation and techniques 35.10.-d Atoms 35.10.Bg Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes (for mass spectrometry, see also 07.75) 35.10.Di Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability 35.10.Fk Fine- and hyperfine-structure constants 35.10.Hn Ionization potentials, electron affinities 35.10.Wb Weak interactions (for optical tests of fundamental laws and forces, see 42.50.W) 35.20.-i Molecules 35.20.Bm General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry 35.20.Dp Interatomic distances and angles 35.20.Gs Bond strengths, dissociation energies, hydrogen bonding, etc. 35.20.Jv Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion) rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics 35.20.My Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility 35.20.Pa Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants 35.20.Sd Hyperfine- and fine-structure constants 35.20.Vf Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy 35.20.Wg Mass spectra 35.20.Yh Correlation times in molecular dynamics 35.80.+s Atomic and molecular measurement and techniques 36. Studies of special atoms and molecules 36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other unusual particles) 36.10.Dr Positronium, muonium, muonic atoms and molecules 36.10.Gv Mesonic atoms and molecules, hyperonic atoms and molecules 36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules (for polymer reactions and polymerization, see 82.35; for biological macromolecules and polymers, see also 87.15) 36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity 36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics) 36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences) 36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions) 36.20.Kd Electronic structure and spectra 36.40.+d Atomic and molecular clusters (see also 61.46 Solid clusters and nanoparticles) 36.90.+f Other special atoms and molecules 40. FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY (INCLUDING APPLICATIONS) 41. Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics 41.20.-q Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields 41.20.Bt Maxwell equations, time-varying fields, conservation laws (see also 03.50.D Maxwell theory) 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems 41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary- value problems 41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation (see also 84.40.C Radiowave and microwave propagation; for light propagation, see 42.25.B; for propagation in plasma, see 52.35.H; for ionospheric and magnetospheric propagation, see 94.20.B and 94.30.T) 41.50.+h X-ray beams (see also 07.85 X- and gamma-ray instruments and techniques) 41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges 41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation 41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation 41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers (see also 52.75.M Free-electron devices) 41.75.-i Charged-particle beams 41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams 41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams 41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams 41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams 41.85.-p Beam optics (see also 07.77 Particle beam production and handling; targets, 29.27 Beams in particle accelerators) 41.85.Ar Beam extraction, beam injection 41.85.Ct Beam shaping, beam splitting 41.85.Ew Beam profile, beam intensity 41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations 41.85.Ja Beam transport 41.85.Lc Beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles (see also 85.70 Magnets; magnetic levitation devices) 41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa 41.85.Qg Beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups 41.85.Si Beam collimators, monochromators 41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics 42. Optics (for optical properties of gases, liquids, and solids, see 51.7 and 78) 42.15.-i Geometrical optics 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing 42.15.Eq Optical system design 42.15.Fr Aberrations 42.15.Gs Other topics in geometrical optics 42.25.-p Wave optics 42.25.Bs Wave propagation; transmission and absorption (for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.J and 84.40.C; for propagation in atmosphere, see 42.68.A; see also 52.40.D-in plasma physics) 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction 42.25.Hz Interference 42.25.Ja Polarization 42.25.Kb Coherence; scintillation 42.25.Lc Birefringence 42.25.Md Other topics in wave optics 42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing 42.30.Kq Fourier optics 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions 42.30.Ms Speckle and moire patterns 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval 42.30.Sy Pattern recognition 42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision 42.30.Va Image forming and processing 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography 42.30.Yc Other topics in imaging and optical processing 42.40.-i Holography 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and read-out methods (see also 42.70.L Holographic recording materials; optical storage media) 42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques (see also 07.60.L Interferometers and interferometry) 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics 42.40.My Applications 42.40.Pa Volume holograms 42.50.-p Quantum optics (for lasers, see 42.55 and 42.60; see also 42.65 Nonlinear optics, 03.65 Quantum theory) 42.50.Ar Statistical optics and coherence theory 42.50.Dv Nonclassical photon states; squeezed, antibunched, and sub-Poissonian states 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena; superradiance and superfluorescence 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multi-photon processes (see also 32.80, 33.80, 34.50.R, and 34.80.Q - in atomic and molecular physics) 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and optical chaos 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free- induction decay, dephasings and revivals, and optical nutation 42.50.Rh Optical solitons; self-induced transparency 42.50.Vk Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, electrons, and ions (see also 32.80.P and 33.80.P Optical cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules) 42.50.Wm Optical tests of fundamental laws and forces: QED, Bell inequalities, parity-conservation violation, relativistic effects, and gravity waves (see also 04.80 Experimental tests of general relativity and searches for gravitational radiation) 42.52.+x Masers; gyrotrons 42.55.-f Lasers 42.55.Gp Excimer lasers 42.55.Jr Metal vapor lasers 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers (for chemical laser kinetics, see 82.40.T) 42.55.Lt Other gas lasers 42.55.Mv Dye and liquid lasers 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes (see also 85.60.J Light-emitting devices) 42.55.Rz Other solid state lasers 42.55.Vc X- and gamma-ray lasers 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers 42.55.Ye Raman lasers (see also 42.65.D Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS) .... Free-electron lasers, see 41.60.C 42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking 42.60.Gd Switching and pulsing 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters 42.60.Mi Laser instabilities; noise 42.62.-b Laser applications (for LIDAR, see 42.79.Q) 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications 42.62.Cf Industrial applications 42.62.Eh Metrological applications (see also 06.20 Metrology, 06.30 Measurement of basic quantities) 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy 42.62.Hk Other applications 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics (see also 42.50 Quantum optics) 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability (see also 35.20.M Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability and magnetic susceptibility) 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation, optical mixing, and photorefractive effect 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing, and thermal blooming 42.65.Ky Harmonic generation, frequency conversion, parametric oscillation, and parametric amplification (see also 42.79.N Optical frequency converters) 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching (see also 42.60.G Switching and pulsing; 42.79.T Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks) 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression (see also 42.60.G Switching and pulsing) 42.65.Vh Other nonlinear optical phenomena 42.66.-p Physiological optics 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye 42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function 42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination 42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination 42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection 42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision 42.68.-w Atmospheric optics 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer (see also 92.60.T Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves; propagation) 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects (see also 92.60.E Convection, turbulence, and diffusion) 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases (see also 94.10.G Absorption and scattering of radiation) 42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water (see also 92.60.J Water in the atmosphere, 92.60.N Cloud physics) 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols (see also 92.60.M Particles and aerosols) 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution (see also 92.60.S Air quality and air pollution) 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization (see also 94.10.G Absorption and scattering of radiation) 42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation 42.68.Wt Remote sensing, LIDAR, and adaptive systems 42.70.-a Optical materials (for materials science, see 81; for optical properties of bulk materials, see 78.20) 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz 42.70.Df Liquid crystals (for structure of liquid crystals, see 61.30) 42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials 42.70.Hj Laser materials 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics 42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media 42.70.Nq Nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive materials and semiconductor materials 42.72.-g Optical sources and standards (for lasers, see 42.55) 42.72.Ai Infrared sources 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems (for integrated optics, see 42.82; for fiber optics see 42.81) .... Optical instruments and techniques, see 07.60 .... Optical spectroscopy and spectrometers, see 07.65 .... Photography, photographic instruments and techniques, see 07.68 .... Magnetooptical devices, see 85.70.S 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms, mirrors, and coatings 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers 42.79.Dj Gratings (for holographic gratings, see 42.40.E) 42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators (see also 84.60.J Solar cells and arrays) 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers (for fiber waveguides and waveguides in integrated optics see 42.81.Q and 42.82.E, respectively) 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices (see also 43.88 - in acoustics) 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices (see also 85.60.P Display systems) 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters (see also 85.60 Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices and systems) 42.79.Mt Schlieren devices 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters 42.79.Pw Detectors, sensors (see also 85.60.G Photodetectors and infrared detectors, 07.62 Detection of radiation) 42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR (see also 42.68.W Remote sensing; LIDAR, and adaptive systems) 42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices (for fiber GRIN devices, see 42.81.H) 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers 42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks 42.79.Vb Optical storage systems (see also 42.40.H Hologram recording and readout methods) 42.79.Yd Other optical elements, devices, and systems 42.81.-i Fiber optics 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing 42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization 42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices (for fiber lasers, see 42.55.W) 42.82.-m Integrated optics 42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer 42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects (see also 42.79.T Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks) 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays (for fiber waveguides see 42.81.Q) 42.82.Fv Hybrid systems 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems 42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques 42.87.-d Optical testing techniques 42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry (see also 07.60.L Interferometers and interferometry) 42.87.Ch Other optical testing techniques 42.88.+h Radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and systems 42.90.+m Other topics in optics 43. Acoustics (for more detailed headings, see Appendix to 43; appendix not included in this file) 43.20.+g General linear acoustics (see also 03.40.K Mathematical problems in waves and wave propagation) 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics, macrosonics 43.28.+h Aeroacoustics, atmospheric sound (see also 92.60. Meteorology) 43.30.+m Underwater sound (see also 92.10.V - in physics of the oceans) 43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound .... Phonons in crystal lattices, see 63.20 .... Plasma acoustics, see 52.35.D .... Low-temperature acoustics and sound in liquid helium, see 67 .... Acoustical properties of solids, see 62.65; for ultrasonic relaxation, see 62.80 .... Acoustic properties of thin films, see 68.60.B .... Surface waves in liquids and solids, see 68.10 and 68.35.G .... Acoustoelectric effects and acoustic wave amplification, see 72.50 and 73.50.R .... Magnetoacoustic effects, oscillations, and resonance, see 72.55, 73.50.R, and 75.80 .... Acoustic holography, see 43.60; for acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.H 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration 43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control 43.55.+p Architectural acoustics 43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing; acoustic holography 43.64.+r Physiological acoustics .... Biological effects of sound and ultrasound, see 87.51 43.66.+y Psychological acoustics 43.70.+i Speech production 43.71.+m Speech perception 43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems 43.75.+a Music and musical instruments 43.80.+p Bioacoustics 43.85.+f Acoustical measurements and instrumentation 43.88.+q Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound 43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics 44. Heat transfer, thermal and thermodynamic processes 44.10.+i Heat conduction (models, phenomenological description) 44.25.+f Convective and constrained heat transfer (see also 47.27.T Convection and heat transfer) 44.30.+v Heat transfer in inhomogeneous media, in porous media, and through interfaces 44.40.+a Radiative heat transfer 44.50.+f Thermal properties of matter (phenomenology, experimental techniques) 44.60.+k Thermodynamic processes (phenomenology, experimental techniques) 44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer, thermal and thermodynamic processes 46. Classical mechanics (for mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter, see 62; for rheology, see 83) 46.10.+z Mechanics of discrete systems (see also 03.20 - general mathematical aspects, 95.10.C Celestial mechanics) .... Continuum mechanics, see 83.10.F 46.30.-i Structural mechanics of shells, plates, and beams 46.30.Cn Static elasticity 46.30.Lx Static buckling and instability 46.30.My Vibrations, aeroelasticity, hydroelasticity, mechanical waves, and shocks 46.30.Nz Fracture mechanics, fatigue, and cracks 46.30.Pa Friction, wear, adherence, hardness, mechanical contacts, tribology (see also 81.40.P - in materials science) 46.30.Rc Measurement methods and techniques 46.90.+s Other topics in classical mechanics 47. Fluid dynamics (for fluid dynamics of quantum fluids, see 67; see also 83 Rheology) 47.10.+g General theory (see also 03.40.G - general mathematical aspects; 83.10 - in rheology) 47.11.+j Computational methods in fluid dynamics (see also 83.85.P Flow computation; 02.70 - in mathematical methods in physics) 47.15.-x Laminar flows 47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows 47.15.Gf Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows 47.15.Hg Potential flows 47.15.Ki Inviscid flows with vorticity 47.15.Pn Laminar suspensions 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities 47.17.+e Mechanical properties of fluids (see also 62.10 Mechanical properties of liquids) 47.20.-k Hydrodynamic stability 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instability 47.20.Cq Inviscid instability 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows 47.20.Gv Viscous instability 47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes (see also 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions) 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity (including bifurcation theory) 47.20.Lz Secondary instability 47.20.Ma Interfacial instability 47.20.Pc Receptivity .... Chaotic phenomena, see 47.52 and 05.45 47.27.-i Turbulent flows, convection, and heat transfer 47.27.Ak Fundamentals 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence 47.27.Eq Turbulence simulation and modeling 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence 47.27.Lx Wall-bounded thin shear flows 47.27.Nz Boundary layer and shear turbulence 47.27.Pa Thick shear flows 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion 47.27.Rc Turbulence control 47.27.Sd Noise (turbulence generated) 47.27.Te Convection and heat transfer (see also 44.25 Convective and constrained heat transfer) 47.27.Vf Wakes 47.27.Wg Jets 47.32.-y Rotational flow and vorticity 47.32.Cc Vortex dynamics 47.32.Ff Separated flows 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity (see also 67.40.H and 67.57.D - in quantum fluids and solids) 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock and detonation phenomena (see also 28.70 Nuclear explosions, 52.35.T Plasma shock waves, 83.50.T - in rheology) 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows 47.40.Hg Transonic flows 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows 47.40.Nm Shock-wave interactions and shock effects 47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics 47.45.Dt Free molecular flows 47.45.Gx Slip flows 47.45.Nd Accommodation 47.50.+d Non-Newtonian fluid flows (see also 83.50 Deformation, material flow) 47.52.+j Chaos (see also 05.45 Theoretical models of chaotic systems, 83.50.W Chaotic flows; drag reduction) 47.53.+n Fractals 47.54.+r Pattern selection 47.55.-t Nonhomogeneous flows 47.55.Bx Cavitation 47.55.Dz Drops and bubbles 47.55.Hd Stratified flows .... Rotational flows, see 47.32 47.55.Kf Multiphase flows and particle-laden flows 47.55.Mh Flows through porous media (for heat transfer in porous media, see 44.30) 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits (see also 83.10 and 83.50 - in rheology) .... Biological fluid dynamics, see 87.45 47.62.+q Flow control 47.65.+a Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics (for MHD in plasma, see 52.30) 47.70.-n Reactive, radiative, or nonequilibrium flows 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows (see also 83.80.J Chemically reactive materials) 47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics 47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics 47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics .... Geophysical fluid dynamics, see 92 .... Astrophysical fluid dynamics, see 95.30.L 47.80.+v Instrumentation for fluid dynamics (see also 83.85 - in rheology; 07.30 Vacuum production and techniques) 47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics 50. FLUIDS, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES (FOR FLUID DYNAMICS, SEE 47) 51. Kinetic and transport theory of fluids; physical properties of gases 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory 51.20.+d Viscosity and diffusion: experimental 51.30.+i Thermal properties of gases 51.40.+p Acoustical properties of gases; ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43 Acoustics; for liquids see 62.60 and 62.80) 51.50.+v Electrical phenomena in gases (see also 52 The physics of plasmas and electric discharges) 51.60.+a Magnetic phenomena in gases (for liquids, see 75) 51.70.+f Optical phenomena in gases (for liquids, see 78) 51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of fluids 52. The physics of plasmas and electric discharges (for solid-state plasma, see 71.45.G, 72.30, 73.20.M, and 73.50.M) 52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasma 52.20.Dq Particle orbits 52.20.Fs Electron collisions 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions 52.25.-b Plasma properties 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations 52.25.Fi Transport properties 52.25.Gj Fluctuation phenomena (see also 52.35.R Plasma turbulence) 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties 52.25.Nr Emission, absorption, and scattering of X and gamma radiation 52.25.Qt Emission, absorption, and scattering of ultraviolet radiation 52.25.Rv Emission, absorption, and scattering of visible and infrared radiation 52.25.Sw Emission, absorption, and scattering of radio-wave and microwave radiation 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas 52.25.Wz Nonneutral plasmas 52.30.-q Plasma flow; magnetohydrodynamics (see also 47.65 - in fluid dynamics) 52.30.Bt MHD equilibria 52.30.Jb Resistive MHD effects 52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasma (for magnetohydrodynamics, see 52.30) 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves 52.35.Dm Sound waves 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves) 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid) 52.35.Kt Drift waves 52.35.Lv Other linear waves 52.35.Mw Nonlinear waves and nonlinear wave propagation (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.) 52.35.Nx Other nonlinear interactions and phenomena (e.g., Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering) 52.35.Py Plasma macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor) 52.35.Qz Plasma microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam- plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.) 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes 52.35.Tc Shock waves 52.40.-w Plasma interactions (for heating, see 52.50) 52.40.Db Electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma 52.40.Fd Antennas in plasma; plasma-filled wave guides 52.40.Hf Solid-plasma interactions; wall effects; probes; sheaths 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasma (including intense charged- particle beams) 52.40.Nk Laser-plasma interactions (e.g., anomalous absorption, backscattering, magnetic field generation, fast particle generation) 52.50.-b Plasma production and heating 52.50.Dg Plasma sources (see also 52.80 Electric discharges) 52.50.Gj Plasma heating (beam injection, radio-frequency and microwave, ohmic, ICR, ECR) 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression 52.55.-s Plasma equilibrium and confinement 52.55.Dy General theory (see also 52.30 Magnetohydrodynamics) 52.55.Ez Pinch effect and pinch devices (e.g., Z-pinches and theta pinches) 52.55.Fa Tokamaks 52.55.Hc Other toroidal confinement devices (stellarators, spheromaks, compact tori, bumpy tori, etc.) 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors (including tandem mirrors) 52.55.Lf Other magnetic traps (e.g., astron, cusp) 52.55.Mg Nonmagnetic confinement systems (e.g., electrostatic and high-frequency confinement) 52.55.Pi Confinement in fusion experiments (including alpha-particle effects, scaling laws, etc.)(see also 28.52 Fusion reactors) 52.60.+h Relativistic plasma 52.65.+z Plasma simulation (e.g., particle orbit and trajectory, MHD equilibrium and stability, initial value computation, and heat transport models; Monte Carlo methods) 52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements 52.70.La X-ray and gamma-ray measurements 52.70.Nc Particle measurements 52.75.-d Plasma devices and applications (see also 28.52 Fusion reactors; for ion sources, see 29.25.L, N; for plasma sources, see 52.50.D; for plasma etching techniques, see 81.60 - in materials science) 52.75.Di Accelerators and propulsion 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes 52.75.Hn Plasma torches 52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps) 52.75.Ms Free-electron devices (for free-electron lasers, see 41.60.C) 52.75.Pv High-voltage diodes 52.80.-s Electric discharges (see also 51.50 Electrical phenomena in gases) 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges 52.80.Hc Glow; corona 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning 52.80.Pi High-frequency discharges 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires 52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges) 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids (for electric breakdown in liquids, see 77.22.J) 52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma) 52.90.+z Other topics in plasma physics and electric discharges 60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 61. Structure of liquids and solids; crystallography (for surface structure, see 68.35.B; for thin film structure, see 68.55.J) 61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering 61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.10.Lx Experimental diffraction and scattering techniques (including small- angle scattering, EXAFS, NEXAFS, and XANES) 61.10.My Crystal structure solution and refinement techniques 61.10.Wg Other computational techniques 61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering) 61.12.Gz Neutron diffraction techniques (powder, single crystal, energy dispersive, and pulsed neutron source methods) 61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) 61.14.Rq Other electron diffraction and scattering techniques 61.16.-d Electron microscopy and other methods 61.16.Bg Transmission and scanning electron microscopy 61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force, magnetic, etc. 61.16.Fk Field-ion microscopy; atom and ion scattering .... EPR and NMR methods for defect structures, see 61.72.H 61.20.-p Structure of liquids 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure 61.20.Ja Computer simulation 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; glass transitions (see also 64.70.P - in Phase transitions) 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids 61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc. 61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures 61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases 61.25.Em Molecular liquids 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys 61.30.-v Liquid crystals (see also 64.70.M Transitions in liquid crystals) 61.30.Cz Theory and models of liquid crystals 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and lyotropic structures 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.20.S, 81.20.T, and 81.60.J - in materials science) 61.43.-j Disordered solids 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors and metals 61.43.Fs Glasses 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates) 61.44.+p Quasicrystals 61.46.+w Solid clusters (including fullerenes) and nanoparticles (for atomic and molecular clusters, see 36.40) 61.50.-f Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids) (for magnetic structure and spin systems, see 75.25) 61.50.Cj Physics of crystal growth (for epitaxy of thin films, see 68.55; for whiskers, see 68.70; for techniques of crystal growth and film deposition, see 81.10 and 81.15) 61.50.Em Crystal symmetry: models, space groups, and crystalline systems and classes 61.50.Jr Crystal morphology and orientation 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations 61.50.Lt Crystal binding 61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids 61.66.Bi Elemental solids 61.66.Dk Alloys 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds 61.66.Hq Organic compounds .... Quantum crystals, see 67.80.C 61.72.-y Defects in crystals (see also 61.80 Radiation damage; for defects in surfaces, interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.D and 68.55.L) 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing 61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.) 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.) 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries 61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects 61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.) 61.72.Ss Impurities: concentration, distribution, and gradients (for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.L; see also 66.30.J Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities) 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet and visible radiation (including laser radiation) 61.80.Cb X rays 61.80.Ed gamma rays 61.80.Fe Electrons and positrons 61.80.Hg Neutrons 61.80.Jh Ions (for ion implantation, see 61.72.T, V, W) 61.80.Lj Atoms and molecules 61.80.Mk Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids 62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (see also 46 Classical mechanics, 81 Materials science, 68 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and layer structures, 83 Rheology) 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids (for viscosity of liquids, see 66.20) 62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids (for structural mechanics of shells, plates, and beams, see 46.30; see also 81.40 Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructures and properties, 81.70 Materials testing) 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants (see also 03.40.D Mathematical theory of elasticity, 81.40.J - in materials science) 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity (including yield, ductility, and superplasticity) (see also 81.40.L - in materials science, 83.50 - in rheology) 62.20.Hg Creep (see also 81.40.L - in materials science, 83.50.B - in rheology) 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks (see also 81.40.N - in materials science; 83.50.T - in rheology) 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations (see also 03.40.K General mathematical aspects) 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances (see also 81.40.J - in materials science, 83.50.B in rheology) .... Thermomechanical effects, see 65.70 .... Magnetomechanical effects, see 75.80 .... Piezoelectric effects, see 77.65 .... Elastooptical effects, see 78.20.H 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids (see also 83.50.T - in rheology) 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids .... Sound propagation in liquids and solids, see 43.20, 43.25, 43.30, and 43.35 .... Lattice dynamics, phonons, see 63 .... Second sound in quantum fluids, see 67.40.P, 67.57, and 67.60 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids .... Magnetoacoustic effects, see 72.55 and 73.50.R .... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50, 73.50.R and 77.65.D .... acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.H 62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43.55 Ultrasonics; for ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors, see 74.25.L) 62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter 63. Lattice dynamics (see also 05.50 Lattice theory, 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter, 66.70 Thermal conduction, 78.30 Infrared and Raman spectra; for dynamics of surface and interface vibrations, see 68.35.J and 68.45.K) 63.10.+a General theory 63.20.-e Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices (for phonons in superconductors, see 74.25.K) 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion 63.20.Hp Phonon-phonon interactions 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron interactions 63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with quasiparticles 63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions 63.20.Pw Localized modes 63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes 63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations (see also 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter, and 66.70 Thermal conduction) 63.75.+z Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions .... Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems, see 64.60.C .... Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations, see 61.50.K 63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics 64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (see also 82.60 Chemical thermodynamics) 64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria 64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances 64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions (see also 63.75 Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions; for critical phenomena in quantum fluids, in solid surfaces and interfaces, and in magnetism, see 67, 68.35.R, and 75.40, respectively) 64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions (see also 61.43.H Fractals; macroscopic aggregates) 64.60.Cn Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems 64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena 64.60.Kw Multicritical points 64.60.My Metastable phases 64.60.Qb Nucleation (see also 82.60.N Thermodynamics of nucleation) 64.70.-p Phase equilibria, phase transitions, and critical points of specific substances (see also 81.30 Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations) 64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions 64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions 64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions 64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions (see also 61.50.K Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations; 75.30.K and 77.80.B for magnetic and ferroelectric transitions, respectively; 81.30 - in material science) 64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals 64.70.Pf Glass transitions 64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing (see also 82.60.L Thermodynamics of solutions) 64.80.-v Other phase studies of systems 64.80.Eb Stoichiometry and homogeneity 64.80.Gd Microstructure (see also 81.30 - in materials science) 64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions 65. Thermal properties of condensed matter (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics, 63 Lattice dynamics; for thermodynamic properties of quantum fluids, see 67.40.K, 67.55.C, 67.57.B, 67.60; for thermal properties of solid helium, see 67.80.G) 65.20.+w Heat capacities of liquids 65.40.-f Heat capacities of solids (for specific heat of superconductors, see 74.25.B; for specific heat of magnetic systems, see 75.40.C) 65.40.Em Lattice and electron heat capacity 65.40.Hq Lambda, Schottky, and other anomalies 65.50.+m Thermodynamic properties and entropy 65.70.+y Thermal expansion and thermomechanical effects .... Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids, see 66.60; for nonmetallic solids, see 66.70 .... Thermal conduction in metals and alloys, see 72.15 .... Thermal conductivity of superconductors, see 74.25.F .... Thermomagnetic and thermoelectric effects in metals and semiconductors, see 72.15.H,J 72.20.N,P, 73.50.J and 75.30.S .... Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects, see 77.70 65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter 66. Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic) 66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids 66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion (for osmosis, see also 82.65.F) 66.10.Ed Ionic conduction (see also 82.45 Electrochemistry and electrophoresis) 66.20.+d Diffusive momentum transport (including viscosity of liquids) 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids (for surface and interface diffusion, see 68.35.F) 66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids 66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals 66.30.Jt Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities 66.30.Lw Diffusion, migration, and displacement of other defects 66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion 66.30.Qa Electromigration 66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids (for thermal conduction in liquid metals, see 72.15.C) 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in nonmetallic solids (for statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations, see 63.70; for thermal conduction in solid metals, see 72.15.C and 72.15.E) 66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter 67. Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (see also 05.30 Quantum statistical mechanics) 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid helium-4) 67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of helium-4 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models 67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties 67.40.Mj First sound 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance 67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence 67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects 67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid helium-3 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics 67.55.Hc Transport properties 67.55.Jd Collective modes 67.55.Lf Impurities 67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid helium-3 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices 67.57.Hi Transport properties 67.57.Jj Collective modes 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics 67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces 67.57.Pq Impurities 67.60.-g Mixed systems; liquid helium-3, helium-4 mixtures 67.60.Dm He I - helium-3 67.60.Fp He II - helium-3 67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid helium-3 in He II 67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption) 67.80.-s Solid helium and related quantum crystals 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation 67.80.Gb Thermal properties 67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium 68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties) 68.10.-m Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces 68.10.Cr Surface energy (surface tension, interface tension, angle of contact, etc.) 68.10.Et Interface elasticity, viscosity, and viscoelasticity 68.10.Gw Interface activity, spreading 68.10.Jy Kinetics (evaporation, adsorption, condensation, catalysis, etc.) (see also 82.65 Surface and interface chemistry) 68.15.+e Liquid thin films 68.18.+p Langmuir-Blodgett films (for methods of film deposition, see 81.15.L) 68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces 68.35.Bs Atomic and molecular structure; crystal shapes; surface topography 68.35.Dv Composition; defects and impurities 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation (see also 66.30 Diffusion in solids) 68.35.Gy Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics vibrations 68.35.Md Surface energy; thermodynamic properties (see also 82.65.D Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces) 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena 68.35.Wm Other nonelectronic properties 68.45.-v Solid-fluid interfaces (see also 82.65.M Chemisorption) 68.45.Da Adsorption and desorption kinetics; evaporation and condensation 68.45.Gd Wetting 68.45.Kg Dynamics; vibrations 68.45.Nj Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.45.Ws Other nonelectronic properties 68.55.-a Thin film growth, structure, epitaxy (for methods of thin film deposition, see 81.15) 68.55.Bd Molecular and atomic beam epitaxy 68.55.Ce Vapor phase epitaxy 68.55.Df Liquid phase epitaxy 68.55.Eg Solid phase epitaxy 68.55.Gi Other thin film growth studies 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc. (for diffusion, see 66.30) 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification 68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects 68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties 68.65.+g Layer structures: multilayers, and superlattices (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties) 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties) 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers 70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 71. Electron states (see also 73 Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films) 71.10.+x General theories and computational techniques (including many-body perturbation theory, density-functional theory, atomic sphere approximation methods, Fourier decomposition methods, etc.) 71.20.-b Electron density of states 71.20.Ad Developments in mathematical and computational techniques 71.20.Cf Metals, semimetals, and alloys 71.20.Fi Nonmetallic inorganics 71.20.Hk Polymers; organic compounds 71.25.-s Nonlocalized single-particle electronic states 71.25.Cx Developments in band-structure calculation techniques 71.25.Hc Measurement of Fermi surface parameters (including dHvA, magnetoacoustic, magnetoresistance oscillation, and cyclotron resonance studies, etc.) 71.25.Jd Effective mass and g factors 71.25.Lf Electron energy states in liquid metals 71.25.Mg Electron energy states in amorphous and glassy solids 71.25.Pi Band structure of crystalline metals 71.25.Rk Band structure of crystalline elemental semiconductors 71.25.Tn Band structure of crystalline semiconductor compounds and insulators 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems 71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; heavy-fermion solids; intermediate-valence solids (for magnetic aspects, see 75.20.H and 75.30.M) 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions 71.35.+z Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) (for exciton phenomena in surfaces and interfaces, including quantum wells and layer structures, see 73.20) 71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) 71.38.+i Polarons and electron-phonon interactions (see also 63.20.K Phonon- electron interactions in lattices) 71.45.-d Collective effects 71.45.Gm Exchange, correlations, dielectric and magnetic functions, plasmons 71.45.Jp Fermi-Thomas models 71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems (see also 75.30.F Spin-density waves) 71.45.Nt Calculations of total electronic binding energy (see also 61.50.L Crystal binding) 71.50.+t Localized single-particle electronic states (excluding impurities) 71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels 71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys 71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors 71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors 71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors 71.55.Ht Other nonmetals 71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids 71.60.+z Positron states (see also 78.70.B Positron annihilation) 71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions (see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states, 75.30.E Exchange and superexchange interactions) 71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman, Stark, and strain splitting 71.70.Gm Exchange interactions 71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions 71.70.Ms Other bulk localized states and interactions (for surface states, see 73.20) 71.90.+q Other topics in electron states 72. Electronic transport in condensed matter (for electronic transport in surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 73) 72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms 72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory 72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations (see also 71.45 Collective effects) 72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect) 72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys 72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys 72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys 72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects 72.15.He Thermomagnetic effects 72.15.Jf Thermoelectric effects 72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths 72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors) 72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect (see also 75.20.H Local moments in compounds and alloys) 72.15.Rn Quantum localization 72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators (for nonelectronic thermal conduction, see 66.70) 72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms 72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance 72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects 72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping 72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects 72.20.Nz Thermomagnetic effects 72.20.Pa Thermoelectric effects 72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects 72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects 72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects 72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects 72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena 72.80.-r Conductivity of specific semiconductors and insulators 72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors 72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors 72.80.Ga Transition-metal compounds 72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors 72.80.Le Organic semiconductors 72.80.Ng Amorphous and glassy semiconductors 72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors 72.80.Sk Insulators 72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter 73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films 73.20.-r Surface and interface electronic states 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states 73.20.Dx Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) 73.20.Fz Weak localization effects (e.g., quantized states) 73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species 73.20.Jc Delocalization processes 73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including plasmons and other charge-density excitations) 73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions 73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures 73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential 73.40.Ei Rectification 73.40.Gk Tunneling (see also 74.50 - in superconductors) 73.40.Hm Quantum Hall effect (including fractional) 73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts 73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions 73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions 73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts 73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts 73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor- to-insulator) 73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures 73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures 73.40.Ty Semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structures 73.40.Vz Semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structures 73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films 73.50.Bk General theory, scattering mechanisms 73.50.Dn Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance 73.50.Fq High-field and nonlinear effects 73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths 73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects) 73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects 73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects 73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects 73.50.Rb Acoustoelectric and magnetoacoustic effects 73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena 73.50.Yg Other thin film transport-related topics 73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films and layer structures (for superconducting films, see 74.76; for magnetic properties, see 75.70) 73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys 73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors 73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors 73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors 73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses 73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors 73.61.Ng Insulators 73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds 73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films 74. Superconductivity 74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates 74.20.-z Theory 74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.) 74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development 74.20.Hi Theory of magnetic properties 74.20.Kk Anyons 74.20.Mn Microscopic theory of high-T sub c superconductivity; insulator- superconductor transitions 74.25.-q General properties; correlations between physical properties in normal and superconducting states 74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties 74.25.Dw Phase diagrams 74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.) 74.25.Gz Optical properties 74.25.Ha Magnetic properties 74.25.Jb Electronic structure 74.25.Kc Phonons 74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation 74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.) 74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.) 74.50.+r Proximity effects, weak links, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects 74.55.+h Type-I superconductivity 74.60.-w Type-II superconductivity 74.60.Ec Mixed state, critical fields, and surface sheath 74.60.Ge Flux pinning; flux creep, and flux-line lattice dynamics 74.60.Jg Critical currents 74.62.-c Transition temperature variations 74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition 74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution 74.62.Fj Pressure effects 74.70.-b Superconducting materials (excluding high-T sub c cuprates) 74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and compounds: A15, C15, Chevrel and Laves phases (Nb- based alloys, carbides, nitrides, ternary molybdenum chalcogenides, etc.) 74.70.Kn Organic superconductors 74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors 74.70.Wz Fullerenes 74.72.-h High-T sub c cuprates 74.72.Bk Y-based compounds 74.72.Dn La-based compounds 74.72.Fq Tl-based compounds 74.72.Hs Bi-based compounds 74.72.Jt Other cuprates 74.72.Lw Composite materials 74.76.-w Superconducting films 74.76.Bz High-T sub c cuprate films 74.76.Db Other films 74.80.-g Spatially inhomogeneous structures 74.80.Bj Granular, melt-textured, and amorphous superconductors; powders 74.80.Dm Superconducting layer structures: superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers 74.80.Fp Point contacts; SN and SNS junctions .... Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes, see 82,25.K 74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity 75. Magnetic properties and materials (see also 81.40.R Magnetic properties related to materials treatment) 75.10.-b General theory and models of magnetic ordering (see also 05.50 Ising problems) 75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians 75.10.Hk Classical spin models 75.10.Jm Quantized spin models 75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models 75.20.-g Diamagnetism and paramagnetism 75.20.Ck Nonmetals 75.20.En Metals and alloys 75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions (see also 72.15.Q Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect) 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray scattering, etc.) 75.30.-m Magnetically ordered materials: other intrinsic properties (for critical point effects, see 75.40) 75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities 75.30.Ds Spin waves (see also 76.50 Spin-wave resonance) 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions (see also 71.70 Level splitting and interactions) 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves 75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy 75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions 75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.) 75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena (for electron states, see 71.28) 75.30.Pd Surface magnetism 75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect 75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order (see also 65.40 Heat capacities) 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.) 75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.) 75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies 75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials (see also 81.40.R Magnetic properties related to materials treatment) 75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys 75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials 75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics 75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics 75.50.Kj Amorphous magnetic materials 75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets 75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors 75.50.Rr Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures) 75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis 75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure (for magnetic bubbles, see 75.70.K) 75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects 75.60.Gm High coercivity materials 75.60.Jp Fine-particle systems 75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects 75.60.Nt Magnetic annealing and temperature-hysteresis effects 75.70.-i Magnetic films and multilayers 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and overlayers 75.70.Cn Interfacial magnetic properties 75.70.Fr Magnetic ordering in multilayers 75.70.Kw Domain structure (including magnetic bubbles) 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical and magnetoelectric effects, magnetostriction .... Galvanomagnetic effects, see 72.15.G and 72.20.M .... Magnetooptical effects, see 78.20.L 75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials 76. Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter; Mossbauer effect 76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation 76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general 76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu) 76.30.He Platinum and palladium group (4d and 5d) ions and impurities (Zr-Ag and Hf-Au) 76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities 76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities 76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects 76.30.Pk Conduction electrons 76.30.Rn Free radicals 76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances 76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin- wave resonance (see also 75.30.D Spin waves) 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation 76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts 76.60.Es Relaxation effects 76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance 76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields 76.60.Lz Spin echoes 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects 76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR) 76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization 76.70.Hb Optical detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) 76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation 76.80.+y Mossbauer effect; other gamma-ray spectroscopy .... Magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary instruments, see 07.85 76.90.+d Other topics in magnetic resonances and relaxation 77. Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties (for conductivity phenomena, see 72.20 and 72.80) 77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids 77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function) 77.22.Ej Polarization and deplorization 77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation 77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects 77.55.+f Dielectric thin films 77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electrostriction 77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants 77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves (SAW) in piezoelectrics (see also 43.35.P,Q - in acoustics) 77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance 77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects 77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point 77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis 77.80.Fm Switching phenomena 77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials 77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc. 77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc. 77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals 77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds 77.84.Lf Composite materials 77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals 77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties 78. Optical properties and condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials (see also 42.50 Quantum optics, 42.65 Nonlinear optics, 81.40.T Optical properties related to materials treatment; for masers and lasers, see 42.52, 42.55, and 42.60 - in optics; for optical properties of thin films, see 78.65) 78.20.Bh General theory (for pure homogeneous materials) 78.20.Ci Refractive index, reflectivity, critical angle, dispersive power 78.20.Dj Extinction, absorption, scattering, and transmission coefficients; emissivity 78.20.Ek Optical rotatory power 78.20.Fm Birefringence (including stress birefringence, flow birefringence, etc.) 78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects 78.20.Jq Electrooptical effects 78.20.Ls Magnetooptical effects 78.20.Nv Thermooptical effects 78.20.Wc Other optical properties of bulk materials 78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra and scattering 78.30.Cp Liquids 78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys 78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors 78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics 78.30.Jw Organic crystals 78.30.Ly Disordered solids 78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering 78.40.-q Visible and ultraviolet spectra 78.40.Dw Liquids 78.40.Fy Tetrahedrally bonded nonmetals 78.40.Ha Other nonmetals 78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys 78.45.+h Stimulated emission (see also 42.55 Lasers, 42.65.D and 42.65.E - in nonlinear optics) 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter (see also 42.65.R - in nonlinear optics) 78.50.-w Impurity and defect absorption in solids 78.50.Ec Insulators 78.50.Ge Semiconductors 78.50.Jg Metals, semimetals, and alloys 78.55.-m Photoluminescence 78.55.Bq Liquids 78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors 78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors 78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides 78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials 78.55.Kz Solid organic materials 78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination 78.60.Fi Electroluminescence 78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence 78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence 78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence 78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence (see also 82.40.T Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics) .... Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects, see 72.40 and 73.50.P 78.66.-w Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) 78.66.Bz Metal and metallic alloys 78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors (crystalline) 78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors 78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors 78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses 78.66.Li Other semiconductors 78.66.Nk Insulators 78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds 78.66.Sq Composite materials 78.70.-g Other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation (see also 71.60 Positron states) 78.70.Ck X-ray scattering 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption and absorption edges 78.70.En X-ray emission threshold and fluorescence 78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions (excluding resonances) 78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties of condensed matter and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena 79.20.-m Impact phenomena (including electron spectra and sputtering) (see also 61.80 Radiation damage and other structural irradiation effects) 79.20.Ds Laser-light impact phenomena 79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission 79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission 79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena 79.20.Nc Atom, molecule, and ion impact 79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam interactions with surfaces 79.40.+z Thermionic emission 79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra 79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces 79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films 79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds 79.60.Ht Disordered structures 79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures 79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption 79.75.+g Exoelectron emission 79.90.+b Other topics in emission and impact phenomena in condensed matter 80. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 81. Materials science 81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth and purification (for physics of crystal growth, see 61.50.C) 81.10.Bk Growth from vapor 81.10.Dn Growth from solutions 81.10.Fq Growth from melts 81.10.Hs Zone melting and refining 81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and recrystallization) 81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments 81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings (see also 68.55 Thin film growth, structure, and epitaxy) 81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering 81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition 81.15.Fg Laser ablation technique 81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-assisted CVD) 81.15.Jj Ion plating and other vapor deposition 81.15.Lm Deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers of liquids) 81.15.Np Growth from solid phases 81.15.Pq Electrodeposition 81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques 81.20.-n Other methods of material fabrications 81.20.Ev Powder techniques; compaction and sintering 81.20.Gx Specific formulations of metals and alloys (compacts, pseudoalloys) 81.20.Jz Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites 81.20.Lb Ceramics and refractories 81.20.Nd Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites 81.20.Pe Glasses 81.20.Qf Glass-based composites, vitroceramics 81.20.Sh Polymers and plastics 81.20.Ti Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites 81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations (see also 61 Structure of liquids and solids and 64.70 Phase equilibria, phase transitions, and critical points of specific substances) 81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals and alloys 81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for phase diagrams of superconductors, see 74.25.D) 81.30.Fb Solidification 81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations 81.30.Mh Precipitation (see also 64.75 Solubility, segregation, and mixing) 81.35.+k Granular materials: aggregation characteristics (e.g., grain size, particle size distribution, porosity) 81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties 81.40.Cd Solid solution, precipitation, and dispersion hardening 81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, recovery, and recrystallization; textures 81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity (see also 62.20.D and 62.40 - in physics of condensed matter) 81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also 62.20.F and 62.20.H - in physics of condensed matter, and 83.50 - in rheology) 81.40.Np Fatigue, embrittlement, and fracture (see also 46.30.N - in classical mechanics, 62.20.M - in physics of condensed matter) 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear (see also 46.30.P - in classical mechanics) 81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties (related to treatment conditions) (see also 72.80, 73.61, and 75.50 - in physics of condensed matter) 81.40.Tv Optical properties (related to treatment conditions) (see also 78.20 - in physics of condensed matter) 81.40.Vw High pressure effects 81.60.-j Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments 81.60.Bn Metals and alloys 81.60.Cp Semiconductors and insulators 81.60.Dq Ceramics and refractories 81.60.Fs Glasses 81.60.Hv Composites 81.60.Jw Polymers and plastics 81.70.-q Materials testing 81.70.Dw Nondestructive testing 81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments 81.90.+c Other topics in materials science 82. Physical chemistry 82.20.-w Chemical kinetics 82.20.Db Statistical theories (including transition state) 82.20.Fd Stochastic and trajectory models, other theories and models 82.20.Hf Mechanisms and product distribution 82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions (see also 31.70.F - in atomic and molecular physics, 34.25 Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials, 34.50.L Chemical reactions, as studied by atomic and molecular beams) 82.20.Mj Nonequilibrium kinetics 82.20.Pm Measurements of rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies 82.20.Rp Energy distribution and transfer; relaxation (see also 31.70.H Time- dependent phenomena - in atomic and molecular physics) 82.20.Tr Kinetic and isotope effects 82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation 82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms 82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions 82.30.Eh Molecule-molecule reactions 82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions (see also 34.70 Charge transfer) 82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange) 82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and group ejection) 82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation, hydrogen bonding 82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement 82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis (for heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces, see 82.65.J) 82.35.+t Polymer reactions and polymerization 82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in homogeneous nonequilibrium reactors 82.40.Ck Pattern formation in vortices-diffusion systems 82.40.Dm Atomic and molecular beam reactions (see also 34.50.L Chemical reactions as studied by atomic and molecular beams) 82.40.Fp Shock waves 82.40.Js Fast and ultrafast reactions 82.40.Mw Pulse techniques 82.40.Py Flames, combustion, and explosions 82.40.Ra Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges) 82.40.Tc Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics (see also 42.55 Lasers, 78.60.P Chemiluminescence) 82.40.We Atmospheric chemistry (see also 94.10.F Atmospheric composition, chemical reactions and processes) 82.45.+z Electrochemistry and electrophoresis (see also 66.10.E Ionic conduction in liquids; for electroosmosis, see 82.65.F) 82.50.-m Photochemistry and radiation chemistry (see also 33.50 Fluorescence, phosphorescence, radiationless transitions) 82.50.Fv Photolysis, photodissociation, and photoionization by infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation 82.50.Gw Radiolysis, dissociation, and ionization by x-ray, gamma-ray, and particle radiation 82.55.+e Radiochemistry (including hot atom reactions, positronium and muonium chemistry) 82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics) 82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation 82.60.Fa Heat capacity and heats of phase transitions 82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions 82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation (see also 64.60.Q Nucleation) 82.65.-i Surface and interface chemistry (see also 68.35.M Surface energy of solids; thermodynamic properties) 82.65.Dp Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces (see also 68.35.M Surface energy; thermodynamic properties) 82.65.Fr Film and membrane processes: ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electroosmosis (see also 66.10.C Diffusion and thermal diffusion) 82.65.Jv Heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces (for homogeneous catalysis, see 82.30.V) 82.65.My Chemisorption (see also 68.45 Solid-fluid interfaces) 82.65.Pa Surface-enhanced molecular states and other gas-surface interactions (see also 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions) 82.65.Yh Other surface and interface chemical processes 82.70.-y Disperse systems 82.70.Dd Colloids 82.70.Gg Gels and sols 82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions 82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams 82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis (for related instrumentation, see 07) 82.80.Bg Chromatography 82.80.Ch Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, Raman, microwave, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis methods; spectrophotometry; colorimetry 82.80.Ej X-ray, Mossbauer, and other gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis methods 82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods 82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods 82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods) 82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry) 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (photoelectron, Auger spectroscopy, etc.) 82.80.Sy Methods using colligative properties 82.80.Yc Other methods of chemical analysis 82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry 83. Rheology (see also 47 Fluid dynamics) 83.10.-y Fundamentals and general 83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow 83.10.Dd Dynamics of continuous media 83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics 83.10.Hh Flow of solids 83.10.Ji Fluid dynamics (nonlinear fluids) 83.10.Lk Multiphase flows 83.10.Nn Polymer dynamics 83.10.Pp Particle dynamics 83.20.-d Constitutive relations 83.20.Bg Macroscopic (phenomenological) theories 83.20.Di Microscopic (molecular) theories 83.20.Fk Reptation theories 83.20.Hn Structural and phase changes 83.20.Jp Computer simulation 83.20.Lr Boundary conditions 83.50.-v Deformation; material flow 83.50.Az Steady shear flows 83.50.By Transient deformation and flow; time-dependent properties: start-up, stress relaxation, creep, recovery, etc. 83.50.Cz Injection molding 83.50.Da Compression molding 83.50.Eb Weissenberg effect 83.50.Fc Linear viscoelasticity 83.50.Gd Nonlinear viscoelasticity 83.50.Jf Extensional and combined flows 83.50.Lh Interfacial and free surface flows; slip 83.50.Nj Viscoplasticity; yield stress 83.50.Pk Effects of electric and magnetic fields 83.50.Qm Thixotropy; thickening flows 83.50.Sp Thermorheological properties; non-isothermal rheology 83.50.Tq Wave propagation, shocks, fracture, and crack healing 83.50.Vr Wave speed 83.50.Ws Chaotic flows; drag reduction 83.50.Yt Flows in processing machinery 83.70.-f Material form 83.70.Bi Homogeneous solids 83.70.Dk Composite solids 83.70.Fn Granular solids 83.70.Gp Homogeneous isotropic liquids; solutions and melts 83.70.Hq Heterogeneous liquids: suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, pastes, slurries, foams, block copolymers, etc. 83.70.Jr Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc. 83.80.-k Material types 83.80.Bp Thermoplastic polymers 83.80.Cq Thermosetting polymers 83.80.Dr Elastomeric polymers 83.80.Es Polymer blends 83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids 83.80.Jx Chemically reactive materials 83.80.Lz Biological materials: blood, collagen, wood, food, etc. 83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc. 83.80.Pc Inorganic materials 83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus 83.85.Cg Rheological measurements 83.85.Ei Optical methods; sonography 83.85.Gk Sensors 83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements 83.85.Lq Normal stress measurements 83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion of experiments; computation of relaxation and retardation spectra; time-temperature superposition, etc.) 83.85.Pt Flow computation (e.g., finite element) (see also 02.70 - in Mathematical methods in physics) 83.90.+s Other topics in rheology 84. Electromagnetic technology 84.20.+m Circuit theory (including analysis and design of networks) 84.30.-r Electronic circuits 84.30.Ey Microwave circuits (e.g., parametric, solid state) (see also 84.40.Y Waveguides; for microwave tubes, see 85.10.J) 84.30.Jc Power electronics, supply, and supervisory circuits 84.30.Le Amplifiers 84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators 84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators and mixers 84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits (for pulse generators, see 84.30.N) 84.30.Vn Filters and other networks 84.30.Wp Special purpose electronic circuits (see also 29.50 Computer interfaces) 84.40.-x Antennas, transmission lines; radiowave and microwave propagation (for optical propagation, see 42.25; for optical waveguides, see 42.79.G and 42.81.Q) 84.40.Cb Radiowave and microwave propagation 84.40.Gf Antenna theory 84.40.Hg Antennas, antenna accessories and components 84.40.Mk Transmission-line theory 84.40.Rq Transmission lines and cables (including accessories and components) 84.40.Sr Waveguide theory 84.40.Yw Waveguides (including strip lines), waveguide accessories and components 84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and energy storage 84.60.Dn Electrochemical conversion and storage, general 84.60.Gr Fuel cells 84.60.Hs Batteries 84.60.Jt Solar cells and arrays (for other photoelectric devices, see 85.60) 84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion 84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion 84.60.Rb Other direct energy conversion, including electrogasdynamic, thermoelectric conversion, etc. (for thermocouples, see 85.80.F) 84.60.Td Other energy storage including capacitor banks (for capacitors, see 85.50.N) 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology .... Charged-particle beams, see 41.75 .... Particle beams and particle optics, see 41.85 84.90.+a Other topics in electromagnetic technology 85. Electrical and magnetic devices 85.10.-n Electron tubes 85.10.Dt Electron tube technology 85.10.Fw Vacuum tubes 85.10.Jz Microwave tubes (e.g., traveling-wave, backward-wave, klystrons, magnetrons, gyrotrons) 85.10.Mc Cathode-ray and storage tubes 85.10.Pe Phototubes 85.10.Rg Gas-discharge tubes 85.20.-t Conductors, inductors, and switches 85.20.Cy Conductors 85.20.Ea Resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors) 85.20.Gc Inductors and coils 85.20.Je Signal and power transformers 85.20.Ni Wiring 85.20.Sn Electrical contacts (including connectors, relays, and switches) 85.20.Wr Fuses 85.25.-j Superconducting devices; superconducting magnets 85.25.Cp Josephson devices 85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (including magnetometers, electromagnetic radiation sources and detectors, and computer logic and memory devices) 85.25.Jw Other low-power superconducting devices 85.25.Kx Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes 85.25.Ly Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices; superconducting cables 85.25.Wh Other high-power superconducting devices 85.30.-z Semiconductor devices (for photodiodes and phototransistors, see 85.60.D) 85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization and modeling 85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, amorphous semiconductor switches, and Gunn effect devices) 85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices 85.30.Kk Junction diodes 85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices 85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors 85.30.Rs Thyristors 85.30.Tv Field effect devices 85.40.-e Integrated electronics; VLSI (for integrated optics, see 42.82; for microwave integrated circuits, see 84.30.E) 85.40.Bh Microcircuit design, device layout, and packaging 85.40.Hp Fabrication techniques (including lithographic technologies, direct exposure and pattern transfer methods (resists); annealing, doping, and ion implantation processing treatments) 85.40.Jq Simulation and modeling of fabrication processes 85.40.Ls Interconnections, contacts, circuit repair, surface passivation 85.40.Qx Circuit quality, performance, and reliability 85.40.Ta Microelectronic bipolar devices 85.40.Vb Microelectronic field-effect devices (including CCD, SOS, and MOS integrated circuits) 85.40.Wc Surface acoustic wave microelectronic devices (including transducers, delay lines, filters, and amplifiers) (see also 43.88 Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound) 85.40.Yd Other integrated electronic and VLSI devices 85.42.+m Nanotechnology 85.45.+x Vacuum microelectronics 85.50.-j Dielectric devices 85.50.Gt Insulators and insulating coatings 85.50.Ly Ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices 85.50.Na Capacitors (for energy storage, see 84.60.T) 85.60.-q Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices and systems (for solar cells and arrays, see 84.60.J) 85.60.Dw Photoelectric devices (including photodiodes and phototransistors) 85.60.Gz Photodetectors and infrared detectors (for phototubes, see 85.10.P; see also 29.40 Radiation detectors) 85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices (for cathode-ray tubes, see 85.10.M) 85.60.Me Other optoelectronic devices (for photoresistors, see 85.20.E) 85.60.Pg Display systems (see also 06.70.H Display, recording, and indicating instruments) 85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices 85.70.-w Magnetic devices 85.70.Ca Magnetic cores 85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices 85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices 85.70.Kh Magnetic thin-film devices (including magnetic heads, domain-motion devices, and magnetic displays) 85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices 85.70.Nk Magnets; magnetic levitation devices (for superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices, see 85.25.L) 85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices 85.80.-b Electrochemical, thermoelectromagnetic, and other devices (for acoustoelectric devices, see 43.88) 85.80.Dg Electrochemical devices 85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices 85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices 85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices 85.90.+h Other topics in electrical and magnetic devices 87. Biophysics and medical physics 87.10.+e General, theoretical, and mathematical biophysics (including logic of biosystems, quantum biology, and relevant aspects of thermodynamics, information theory, cybernetics, and bionics) 87.15.-v Molecular biophysics 87.15.By Structure, bonding, conformation, configuration, and isomerism of biomolecules 87.15.Da Physical chemistry of solutions of biomolecules; condensed states 87.15.He Molecular dynamics and conformational changes 87.15.Kg Molecular interactions 87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization of biomolecules; bioluminescence 87.15.Rn Photochemical reactions of biomolecules; biochemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics; enzymatic catalysis; model reactions 87.22.-q Physics of cellular and physiological processes 87.22.As General theory and phenomenology 87.22.Bt Membrane and subcellular physics and structure 87.22.Fy Active transport processes across biological membranes; intracellular electron transport; energy transduction (including photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation) 87.22.Jb Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, synaptic transmission, memorization, and other neurophysiological processes (excluding perception processes and speech) 87.22.Me Enzymatic catalysis 87.22.Nf Mechano- and chemoceptions (including biosonic generation, detection, and guidance) 87.22.Pg Biothermics .... Physiological optics, see 42.66 .... Physiological acoustics, see 43.64 .... Phychological acoustics, see 43.66 .... Speech production, see 43.70 .... Speech perception, see 43.71 .... Speech processing and communication systems, see 43.72 87.40.+w Biomagnetism (cardiomagnetism, neuromagnetism, tissue susceptibility) and magnetobiology (magnetic field effects on cellular processes, and on navigation and behavior of various species) 87.45.-k Biomechanics, biorheology, biological fluid dynamics (see also 83.80.L - in rheology; for rheological properties of biological material, see 83.50) 87.45.Bp Mechanical properties of tissues and organs 87.45.Dr Physics of body movements 87.45.Ft Rheology of body fluids 87.45.Hw Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics 87.50.-a Biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation (see also 28.41.T Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling, 28.52.N Safety) 87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.) 87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) 87.50.Jk Radiofrequency and microwave radiation (power lines) 87.50.Ln Linear energy transfer (LET) 87.50.Nq Radiation protection (low LET) for diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray energies 87.50.Pr Radiation protection (high LET) 87.51.+e Biological effects of sound and ultrasound; lithotripsy 87.53.-j Ionizing-radiation therapy physics 87.53.Bn Photon dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Jw Brachytherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Rd Microdosimetry 87.53.Tf Treatment planning: algorithms, collimation, verification of alignment, optimization, quality assurance specifications, tissue response factors (TCP and NTCP), etc. 87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics 87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy) 87.54.Dt Electrotherapy 87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment 87.56.By Radiation generators 87.56.Da Ancillary equipment 87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment 87.59.-e Medical imaging 87.59.Bh X-ray radiography 87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy 87.59.Dj Angiography 87.59.Ek Mammography 87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT) 87.59.Hp Digital radiography 87.59.Jq Transmission imaging 87.59.Ls Bone densitometry 87.59.Mt Ultrasonography 87.59.Pw Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 87.59.Qx Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling and metabol